Gravel to Gravel Initiative
The Department of the Interior is investing in resilient ecosystems and the salmon crisis in Alaska’s Yukon, Kuskokwim and Norton Sound region as part of Gravel to Gravel. This initiative is a multi-million-dollar investment made up of three elements:
- Investments to improve resiliency of Pacific salmon
- Renewed commitment to strengthening relationships through co-stewardship
- Responding to ecosystem threats to food security.
While the BLM is working across all three elements of Gravel to Gravel, we are heavily focused on improving watershed resiliency through assessment and restoration. And we, in the Bureau of Land Management, are doing what we can where we can with the provided funding to make a positive and significant impact for the communities and ecosystems of the Yukon, Kuskokwim, and Norton Sound region.
Salmon life begins and ends in gravel
Every year, a new generation of Pacific salmon returns from the sea to spawn in the freshwater where their ancestors did the same. Females grind their tails into the gravel, hoping their nests and the eggs within will withstand the scour of ice and spring floods. The gravel is home, where life begins and ends. Gravel moves towards sea like the young salmon do, and the river’s constant movement across the floodplain over the ages will bring more gravel, but the salmon have failed to return in their historic number. Gravel to Gravel aims to restore impacted areas to improve watershed health and resiliency, especially in areas with current or potential Pacific salmon habitat.
The region
Since time immemorial, this region has sustained people, fish, birds, and other wildlife, which supported strong and resilient communities and ways of life. Traditional foods — including salmon, caribou, moose, and migratory birds — have been vital to food security and Indigenous cultures for the more than 100 Tribes who have stewarded the region’s lands and set up fish camps in its watersheds for thousands of years. In recent years, these communities and the ecosystems they depend upon have suffered as climate change is impacting the Arctic four times faster than other parts of North America.
One stark example of these impacts is the decline of Pacific salmon populations, leading to subsistence salmon fishing closures and empty smokehouses for people who have relied on salmon for more than 10,000 years.
In recent consultations, congressional field hearings, and other forums, Department of the Interior leaders heard directly from Alaska Native Tribes and subsistence users about these ecosystem changes, their impacts on communities and cultures, and the need for immediate and lasting “gravel to gravel” action by the federal government.
To answer these calls the Department—coordinated through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Bureau of Land Management — has partnered with Tribes, Indigenous leaders, the State of Alaska, other agencies, and community partners to launch Gravel to Gravel projects. These projects will invest in clean water, clean air, wildlife habitat, cultural resources and open spaces to benefit all people, wildlife and local economies for generations to come. Federal agencies, Tribes, and others will work together to build a strong foundation for co-stewardship, where both Indigenous Knowledge and western science play important parts in the support of resilient ecosystems and communities in the region through the Gravel to Gravel Initiative.
Urgency
Gravel to Gravel is at work in 36 million acres of the 69 million acres that we manage will make immediate investments in the foundational science and projects needed to respond to the salmon crisis and invests in projects to heal the broader ecosystem. The initiative ensures that we build a framework that is robust, resilient and durable well into the future. The ecosystem restoration efforts must have tangible and measurable improvements in biodiversity and functioning ecosystems on a landscape scale. And finally, that our efforts provide just and equitable benefits to communities and people, and that those efforts are consistent with the requirements of the law(s).
BLM's role in Gravel to Gravel
Expanded Habitat Assessment and Fish Inventories
The BLM is focused on expanding stream habitat assessments across the entire Yukon-Kuskokwim-Norton Sound region to create a network of hundreds of monitoring sites. We will leverage BLM’s National Aquatic Monitoring Framework to move beyond BLM lands and create a network of habitat monitoring sites across the region. Data collected from healthy streams would be used to describe the range of habitat conditions across this large study area. Additional information collected at streams degraded by past human activity will be used to assess impacts and help prioritize restoration needs. Input from regional partners will help inform additional data collection needs and could include water and sediment samples, fish inventory, invasive species assessments, and surveyed channel cross sections. BLM’s rigorous training program, public data portal, and data analysis tools will help empower stakeholders across the region and help shape strategic investments in restoration as additional BIL and IRA funding becomes available.
This project is in the final planning stages and data collection will begin in 2025 in partnership with the State of Alaska under the Good Neighbor Authority . Almost $2M in funding has been awarded with additional funding from BIL and IRA expected in future years.
More information about BLM Alaska's work to expand habitat assessments across the Gravel to Gravel region can be found here.
A more in-depth overview of BLM Alaska's stream habitat assessment program can be found here.
In 2024, the BLM kicked off a new partnership with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADFG) to address large regional data gaps specific to fish distributions. This multi-year project will include fish inventories using traditional sampling equipment, as well as emerging technology (e.g., environmental DNA sampling) to help us improve our understanding of resident and anadromous fish species distributions within the Gravel to Gravel region. Planning for this project will begin winter of 2024-25 with on the ground sampling beginning in 2025 and continuing through 2027. Updated fish inventory data will be posted annually to the ADFG Fish Resource Monitor web mapper.
Restoration of Degraded Streams
BLM will continue efforts to restore impacted streams in the upper Yukon River within Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) Restoration Landscapes. As priority restoration needs emerge across the region, BLM will provide support and expertise to help formulate and implement stream restoration plans.
The upper Yukon River has been the focus of applied research and the application of new stream restoration techniques since 2013. To date, several completed projects led to the creation of stream restoration datasets to improve project success across the region and the publication of an interagency Stream Design Guide.
Restoration work was completed on Nome Creek in 2023 and 2024. This work will continue for many years within the 8-mile stretch of Nome Creek near the confluence of Sumner Creek downstream to the confluence with Moose Creek. Work on Wade Creek in 2024 focused primarily on material delivery and restoration planning for future years. These watersheds, like many watersheds in the region, were the focus of the Alaska gold rush in the mid-1800s to early 1900s. This period ushered in hundreds of industrious individuals seeking to strike it rich, but it also created significant impacts to many of the streams from the removal of vegetation, rerouting of water, and erosion of soils.
Alaska’s slow growing season, flood events that scour away newly established vegetation, and repeated mining activities prior to current restorative environmental laws resulted in slow habitat recovery in these areas. BLM’s current efforts seek to accelerate the improvement of watershed health through deliberate restoration actions.
Over the next decade, the BLM plans to invest millions of dollars within these IRA Restoration Landscapes and other priority areas to improve miles of stream habitats. These improvements will enhance fish habitats, improve water quality, and boost overall watershed health across the Norton Sound - Yukon - Kuskokwim region.
Streamlining Riverscape Restoration
Legacy impacts from historic land use practices, many of which occurred in the late 1800s to mid-1900s, continue to limit the productivity of aquatic habitats across areas of Alaska. Addressing these impacts requires careful planning, funding, and permitting. One aspect of the process is compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), which requires the agency to analyze the effects to the environment resulting from a proposed project. This process can be time consuming and delay implementation of restoration projects. To help streamline site specific project compliance with NEPA in the future, the BLM developed a programmatic environmental assessment. This document will help guide future aquatic and riparian habitat restoration activities on BLM-administered lands in Alaska., which should increase the pace and scale of restoration completed on the ground.
The BLM’s programmatic analysis covers stream restoration activities on up to five miles of stream and associated habitats annually across the proposed project planning area. Actions considered in the analysis included in-stream and floodplain enhancements (pond, lake, and wetland restoration), such as the addition of large woody debris and other in-stream structures; streambank enhancement; head-cut stabilization; restored channel alignment; and plantings and vegetation treatments.
Invasive Species Management
Invasive species, such as Elodea, present a significant risk to salmon streams. Early detection and rapid response to invasive species is critical to reducing these risks in Alaska ensuring the resiliency of our aquatic ecosystems. Aquatic invasive species such as Elodea present a significant risk to salmon streams since this plant affects the quality of habitat for juvenile salmon and could lead to population-level impacts on salmon returns. Invasive species within the riparian and wetland plant community also pose impacts to the health of our riverscapes. Avoiding the establishment of invasive species requires a strong commitment to early detection through invasive species inventories and rapid response to new infestations.
Beginning in 2024, BLM’s partnerships with Soil and Water Conservation Districts was expanded to include inventories within several Wild and Scenic River units. The development of an invasive species management plan is in the works for 2025. High-priority control and weed free gravel certifications were also completed at mineral material sites to stop the spread of invasives by one of the most common vectors.
Co-stewardship and Ecosystem Threats to Food Security
Though our initial focus is on investments in Pacific salmon habitat resiliency, we are also renewing our commitment to strengthening relationships with Tribal partners through co-stewardship opportunities. We've received funding for Alaska Native Tribes and ANCSA corporations through federal grants that specifically focus on assessment, monitoring, and planning activities related to watershed restoration so that we can work together in areas that are frequently disturbed and have limited resources.
Current partners
- US Fish and Wildlife Service
- Trout Unlimited
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game
- Alaska Department of Enviornmental Conservation
- University of Alaska
- Salcha-Delta Soil and Water Conservation District
- National Park Service
- United States Geological Service
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Gravel to Gravel is a focused project in Alaska that promotes coastal resilience and climate adaptation, address invasive species threats, and provide for additional data collection needed to support successful natural resource resilience. The restoration and resilience framework plan is to leverage historic investments in climate and conservation to achieve landscape-level outcomes.